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1.On the number line shown, the marks are equally spaced. What number does the arrow point to?[3]
Text description of the figure
A number line with equally spaced tick marks. The leftmost tick is labelled 0 and the rightmost is labelled 60, with five unlabelled ticks evenly spaced between them. An arrow points to the fourth tick from the left.
A4
B24
C30
D40
E50
2.Sam has only 2-cent and 5-cent coins. What is the largest amount under 15 cents that he cannot make exactly?[3]
A1 cent
B3 cents
C7 cents
D9 cents
E13 cents
3.How many of the numbers from 1 to 20 are not multiples of 3?[3]
A6
B13
C14
D17
E20
4.How many different two-digit numbers can be written using only the digits 1, 2 and 3, if a digit may be used twice?[3]
A3
B6
C9
D12
E27
5.Beads are threaded in the repeating order red, green, blue, yellow. What colour is the 30th bead?[4]
Ared
Bgreen
Cblue
Dyellow
Eit depends where you start
6.A coin is tossed three times. In how many of the possible outcomes are there exactly two heads?[4]
A2
B3
C4
D6
E8
7.A solid is built from unit cubes. The two pictures show it from above and from the front. What is the smallest number of cubes it could be made of?[4]
Text description of the figure
Two views side by side. The view from above is a solid 2 by 2 square of four cells. The view from the front is a solid 2 by 2 square, so the solid is two columns wide and reaches two cubes high.
A4
B5
C6
D7
E8
8.Two apples balance three pears. One apple weighs 90 grams. How many grams does one pear weigh?[4]
A45
B60
C90
D135
E180
9.Ana says: "Bo and I are both liars." Each child is either always truthful or always a liar. Who is telling the truth?[4]
AAna only
BBo only
Cboth of them
Dneither of them
Eit cannot be decided
10.A staircase of blocks has 4 blocks in the first step, 7 in the second and 10 in the third. How many blocks are in the eighth step?[4]
A22
B24
C25
D28
E32
11.A diagonal joins two corners of a shape that are not next to each other. How many diagonals does a hexagon have?[4]
A6
B9
C12
D15
E18
12.A three-digit code uses only the digits 1, 2 and 3, and digits may repeat. How many such codes contain at least one 3?[5]
A8
B9
C12
D19
E27
13.How many two-digit numbers have both of their digits odd?[5]
A10
B20
C25
D45
E50
14.Four children stand in a line. Ana is not first. Bo stands directly behind Ana. Cal is last. Who is first?[5]
AAna
BBo
CCal
DDee
Eit cannot be decided
15.A jug holds 900 ml of juice. A third is poured out, then 150 ml is added. How many millilitres are in the jug?[5]
A450
B600
C750
D900
E1050
Math Kangaroo Star · https://kangaroo-atlas.vercel.app · seed 8 · CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 · Independent project, not affiliated with Math Kangaroo in USA, NFP.
Answer key — Math Kangaroo practice
Each wrong choice carries the thinking that produces it. When a student picks C, this is what they were doing.
1.C — 30KA-0006Number lines and betweenness
AI counted the tick marks and gave the position number instead of reading the value on the scale.
BI worked out that each gap is worth 10 but then counted only as far as the tick before the arrow.
DI counted the tick marks rather than the gaps between them, so every gap came out one step too small.
EI counted the gaps from the right-hand end instead of from zero.
2.B — 3 centsKA-0010Money and change
AI found the smallest amount that cannot be made rather than the largest one.
CI did not notice that 7 is 2 plus 5, so I marked it as impossible without testing it.
DI only tried using coins of one kind at a time and never mixed the two denominations.
EI assumed odd amounts are impossible because one of the coins is even.
3.C — 14KA-0051Complementary counting
AI counted the multiples of 3 and gave that instead of the numbers that are not multiples.
BI counted 21 as a multiple of 3 inside the range, so I removed one too many.
DI removed only the multiples of 3 that are also even, so I subtracted three instead of six.
EI gave the size of the whole range and forgot to remove anything at all.
4.C — 9KA-0072Systematic listing
AI counted only the numbers with two identical digits, like 11, 22 and 33.
BI required the two digits to be different, even though repeats are allowed.
DI allowed a fourth digit that was not in the list.
EI counted three-digit numbers instead of two-digit ones.
5.B — greenKA-0014Repeating cycles and position mod n
AI got a remainder of 2 but started counting the colours at zero, which shifted me back one bead.
CI counted the seven whole repeats and then counted three more beads instead of two.
DI divided 30 by 4, got 7 remainder 2, and used the last colour of a repeat as though the remainder were zero.
EI thought the repeating pattern had no fixed starting point, even though bead one is given.
6.B — 3KA-0068Tree diagrams
AI read the two in exactly two heads as the answer rather than as a condition to count.
CI counted the outcomes with two or more heads, so I included the three-head one as well.
DI counted the orderings of three different objects instead of listing the eight outcomes.
EI gave the total number of possible outcomes rather than the number with exactly two heads.
7.C — 6KA-0081Views of a solid: top, front, side
AI used the view from above only, giving one cube per square, and ignored the height the front view demands.
BI made just one column two cubes tall, forgetting that the front view is two cubes high across its whole width.
DI added an extra cube that neither view requires.
EI assumed the solid is a filled 2 by 2 by 2 block, which is the largest that fits rather than the smallest.
8.B — 60KA-0093Weighing and balance puzzles
AI halved the apple's weight, as if one apple balanced two pears.
CI assumed a pear must weigh the same as an apple because the two sides balance.
DI multiplied the apple's weight by three halves the wrong way round, making the pear heavier.
EI gave the total weight of the two apples rather than the weight of one pear.
9.B — Bo onlyKA-0096Truth-tellers and liars
AI took Ana's statement at face value without checking whether a truthful person could say it.
CI decided nobody was lying without testing Ana's statement against that assumption.
DI believed Ana's statement even after concluding she was a liar, which is what a liar's statement cannot be.
EI gave up when Ana's statement looked circular, instead of testing one assumption all the way through.
10.C — 25KA-0109Arithmetic sequences and the nth term
AI added the step of 3 six times instead of seven, stopping at the seventh step.
BI multiplied 3 by 8 without adding the first step's blocks.
DI multiplied the step of 3 by 8 and added 4, taking one step too many.
EI multiplied the first step's 4 blocks by the step number instead of following the pattern.
11.B — 9KA-0150Try small cases first
AI counted one diagonal from each corner and stopped there.
CI counted three diagonals from each corner but forgot that each one gets counted from both ends.
DI counted every line joining two corners, including the six sides.
EI multiplied six corners by three diagonals each and never halved.
12.D — 19KA-0018Complementary counting
AI counted the codes that avoid 3 entirely and gave that as my answer without subtracting.
BI counted the codes with a 3 in the first position only and forgot the other two positions.
CI counted the codes with exactly one 3 and forgot the ones with two or three of them.
EI counted every possible code and forgot to remove the ones with no 3 at all.
13.C — 25KA-0135Digit-constraint puzzles
AI counted the odd numbers in one row of ten and treated that as the whole answer.
BI used four odd digits instead of five, forgetting that 9 is odd.
DI counted every two-digit number that is itself odd, which only fixes the last digit.
EI let the first digit be any of ten values rather than only the five odd ones.
14.D — DeeKA-0136Ordering and ranking from clues
AI ignored the very first clue, which rules Ana out of the front directly.
BI put Bo at the front, but Bo must have Ana immediately in front of him.
CI forgot that Cal is fixed at the back of the line.
EI stopped once two arrangements seemed possible, without testing whether the second one actually fits every clue.
15.C — 750KA-0137Multi-step arithmetic word problems
AI poured out half instead of a third and then forgot to add the 150 ml back.
BI poured out the third correctly but never added the 150 ml.
DI assumed the 150 ml added back was the same as the amount poured out, so nothing changed.
EI added the 150 ml to the full jug without pouring anything out first.